Varieties of domestic energy deprivation in private multi-apartment buildings. Insights from Poland, Portugal and Greece.

This report presents a framework for measuring local exposure to energy poverty in municipalities and tests it using administrative data from different national contexts. The framework helps municipalities identify which buildings or small areas face the greatest risk of energy deprivation, addressing a common lack of suitable analytical tools. The approach focuses on private multi-apartment buildings, where fragmented ownership and institutional barriers often hinder renovation. Tested in Rumia (Poland), Torres Vedras (Portugal), and Piraeus (Greece), the method adapts to different climates, housing conditions, and administrative data availability. Results show that specific types of multi-apartment buildings systematically display higher vulnerability, shaped by socio-demographic and geographic factors. Since municipalities have limited influence over privately owned buildings, the report highlights the need for stronger support mechanisms. It recommends developing housing intermediaries—such as homeowners’ associations or professional managers—to facilitate decision-making, coordinate assistance, and improve access to renovation measures for households at risk of energy poverty.