New and changing risks oflabour marketattachment – the future of work

21 November 2025
abstract:

This working paper aims to deepen the understanding of the new factors associated with the risk of underemployment, unemployment and inactivity, while at the same time investigating the new dimensions of labour market vulnerability. The first part of the paper provides a descriptive analysis of historical vulnerabilities, plotting trends in labour force participation, underemployment, and labour market slack from 2006 to 2023. The second part of the paper examines the potential future vulnerability due to “low digital adaptability,” identifying a high-risk group of workers in high-AI-exposure jobs who currently use few digital skills.

keywords: AI adoption; labour-market vulnerability; unemployment; digital adaptability; low digital skills; technological change; EU labour market.
JEL codes: 
publication year: 2025
language: english
Publications category: 
publishing series: Project Deliverable
publication number: Paths2Include Deliverable 6.3
Additional information:

This project has received funding from the EuropeanUnion’s Horizon Europe research and innovationprogramme under Grant Agreement No Project 101094626.

Projects related to this publication:
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files to download
authors:

Institute for Structural Research (IBS), Warsaw School of Economics (SGH)

Institute for Structural Research (IBS)

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